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Bibliography of Compassion Satisfaction, Compassion Fatigue, Secondary Trauma and Vicarious Trauma

Comprehensive Bibliography Of The Effect Of Caring For Those Who Have Experienced Extremely Stressful Events and Suffering

Date: 28 November, 2010

Compiler: Beth Hudnall Stamm

Reference: Stamm, B.H. (2010, November). Comprehensive Bibliography Of The Effect Of Caring For Those Who Have Experienced Extremely Stressful Events and Suffering. www.proqol.org.

Out of respect for the scholarly and community endeavor, if you use large portions of this bibliography, or note it as a whole, please include the reference provided here.

Search Terms in Alphabetical Order: compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, compassion stress secondary trauma, secondary traumatic stress, vicarious trauma, vicarious traumatization, vicarious transformation.

Terms Excluded From the Search: burnout and countertransferece were not included. Searches using the terms but cross-referencing with at least one of the terms above, were not sufficiently accurate to make the effort worthwhile. Papers with the search terms above that also include burnout or countertransfernce were not excluded. Burnout and Countertransference without the occurrence of one of the search terms above generally were excluded. Burnout and countertransference appearing with one of the terms above were included.

Rationale for Term Exclusion:

Burnout was not included in the search terms as it is a widely used term that can apply to any type of job. It is not unique to working with people who have experienced extreme suffering. It can be applied to any type of job such as working in a factory or an office.

Countertransference was not included in the search terms as it may or may not relate to the therapists interaction with patients who have experienced traumatic stress. Countertransference can occur even if the patient/client has not experienced an extremely stressful event or trauma-related suffering.

Search Locations: Medline, PsychInfo, PILOTS, Amazon.com, Google. The Google search was conducted to identify the overall size of the body of work (over 250,000 accurate hits). Some documents, particularly organizational publications, were identified there. Individual presentations, etc. were not included in this bibliography.

Tests and Measures Search in PILOTS: TM=(secondary trauma questionnaire (motta et al)) or TM=(secondary trauma scale (motta et al)) or TM=(secondary traumatic stress scale (bride et al)) or TM=(secondary traumatic stress scale) or TM=(inner experience questionnaire (brock et al)) and TM=(trauma and attachment belief scale) or TM=(compassion fatigue self test for practitioners (figley)) or TM=(compassion fatigue/satisfaction scale) or TM=(compassion/satisfaction fatigue test for helpers (stamm and figley)) or TM=(professional quality of life scale (stamm)) or TM=(traumatic stress institute belief scale (stamm et al))

Comment on Formatting: The formatting generally follows the pattern of APA format. The italics and underlines are not present to avoid true type and other formatting errors making the bibliography more difficult to read. Some references are in formats other than APA. The technical capacity to format each reference identically exceeds greatly the capacity of the tiny volunteer ProOQL.org staff. In some cases information was not readily available. In these cases, there may be markings indicating the missing information. The most common occurrence was the lack of city information on various publishing companies. Thus, the reference may read City: ABC Books.


This bibliography contains 1034 references and is 89 pages long. The file is 513 kb. If you are on a dial-up modem, the download may take a few minutes.Broadband download times should be about 1 minute. The file is in pdf format based on a largely plain text file to minimize the file size.

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Comment on the Bibliography: This bibliography is provided for the use of anyone and is provided as a volunteer effort from the ProQOL.org. Every effort has been made to be as accurate and complete as possible. Nonetheless, it is incumbent on the user to verify the reference and the details of the reference. ProQOL.org cannot take responsibility for the specific accuracy of the details of the references.


This bibliography is current up to 28 November 2010. Additional articles and publications may be found in most standard databases. The PILOTS database at the VA National Center for PTSD is a particularly good place to search.